Antineoplastic Activity of an Old Natural Antidiabetic Biguanide on the Human Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Line

Author(s):

Zahra Nozhat, Maryam Zarkesh, Enke Baldini, Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh*, Feridoun Azizi and Mehdi Hedayati*   Pages 713 - 720 ( 8 )

Abstract:

Background: In the last decades, metformin (Met), an herbal anti-diabetic medicine, has been proposed as an anti-cancer agent. <P> Objective: Thyroid cancers are the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. Therefore, the current study was performed to assess the effects of Met on cell proliferation and activation of the Phosphoinositide 3- Kinase (<i>PI3K</i>)/Protein kinase B (<i>AKT</i>)/Forkhead Box O1 (<i>FOXO1</i>) signaling pathway in the Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC) cells. The effects of Met on the expression of REarranged during Transfection (<i>RET</i>) proto-oncogene were also investigated. <P> Methods: MTC cell line (TT) was treated with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mM concentrations of Met for 24, 48, and 72h. The viability and apoptosis of the treated cells were measured by the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Annexin V- Propidium Iodide (PI) assays. The expression level of </i>PI3K, AKT, FOXO1</i>, and <i>RET</i> genes was investigated by quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), and phosphorylation of their proteins was determined by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). <P> Results: Results showed that Met significantly decreased the viability of the MTC cells. Met also reduced the expression level of <i>PI3K, AKT</i>, and <i>FOXO1</i> genes (P<0.05), whereas it elevated the expression level of <i>RET</i> proto-oncogene (P<0.05). <P> Conclusion: It seems that the Met has a cytostatic effect on the TT cells. Our results showed that anti-tumoral effects of Met may be cell type-specific, and according to the induction of <i>RET</i> (as a proto-oncogene) and inhibition of <i>FOXO1</i> (as a tumor suppressor gene), Met could not be an appropriate agent in the treatment of MTC. The antineoplastic activity of Met has been confirmed against several malignancies in “in vitro” and “<i>in vivo</i>” studies. However, its molecular mechanisms in the treatment of different carcinomas particularly in thyroid cancers are not clearly understood and more studies are required to confirm its exact effect on the MTC.

Keywords:

Thyroid cancer, diabetes, biguanides, cell signalling, metformin, proliferation.

Affiliation:

Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome, Rome, Biotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran

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